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The plant hormone auxin plays a critical role in regulating various aspects of plant growth and development, and the spatial accumulation of auxin within organs, which is primarily attributable to local auxin biosynthesis and polar transport, is largely responsible for lateral organ morphogenesis and the establishment of plant architecture. Here, we show that three  Arabidopsis  INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) transcription factors, IDD14, IDD15, and IDD16, cooperatively regulate auxin biosynthesis and transport and thus aerial organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses. Gain-of-function of each  IDD  gene in  Arabidopsis  results in small and transversally down-curled leaves, whereas loss-of-function of these  IDD  genes causes pleiotropic phenotypes in aerial organs and defects in gravitropic responses, including altered leaf shape, flower development, fertility, and plant architecture. Further analyses indicate that these  IDD  genes regulate spatial auxin accumulation by directly targeting  YUCCA5  ( YUC5 ),  TRYPTOPHAN AMINOTRANSFERASE of ARABIDOPSIS1  ( TAA1 ), and  PIN-FORMED1  ( PIN1 ) to promote auxin biosynthesis and transport. Moreover, mutation or ectopic expression of  YUC  suppresses the organ morphogenic phenotype and partially restores the gravitropic responses in gain- or loss-of-function  idd  mutants, respectively. Taken together, our results reveal that a subfamily of IDD transcription factors plays a critical role in the regulation of spatial auxin accumulation, thereby controlling organ morphogenesis and gravitropic responses in plants.

plos genetics

The Arabidopsis IDD14, IDD15, and IDD16 Cooperatively Regulate Lateral Organ Morphogenesis and Gravitropism by Promoting Auxin Biosynthesis and Transport