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rs143383 is a C to T transition SNP located in the 5′untranslated region (5′UTR) of the growth differentiation factor 5 gene  GDF5 . The T allele of the SNP is associated with increased risk of osteoarthritis (OA) in Europeans and in Asians. This susceptibility is mediated by the T allele producing less  GDF5  transcript relative to the C allele, a phenomenon known as differential allelic expression (DAE). The aim of this study was to identify  trans -acting factors that bind to rs143383 and which regulate this  GDF5  DAE. Protein binding to the gene was investigated by two experimental approaches: 1) competition and supershift electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and 2) an oligonucleotide pull down assay followed by quantitative mass spectrometry. Binding was then confirmed  in vivo  by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and the functional effects of candidate proteins investigated by RNA interference (RNAi) and over expression. Using these approaches the  trans -acting factors Sp1, Sp3, P15, and DEAF-1 were identified as interacting with the  GDF5  5′UTR. Knockdown and over expression of the factors demonstrated that Sp1, Sp3, and DEAF-1 are repressors of  GDF5  expression. Depletion of DEAF-1 modulated the DAE of  GDF5  and this differential allelic effect was confirmed following over expression, with the rs143383 T allele being repressed to a significantly greater extent than the rs143383 C allele. In combination, Sp1 and DEAF-1 had the greatest repressive activity. In conclusion, we have identified four  trans -acting factors that are binding to  GDF5 , three of which are modulating  GDF5  expression via the OA susceptibility locus rs143383.

The Identification of Trans-acting Factors That Regulate the Expression of GDF5 via the Osteoarthritis Susceptibility SNP rs143383