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In the plant  Arabidopsis thaliana , multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including  RFO2 , account for the strong resistance of accession Columbia-0 (Col-0) and relative susceptibility of Taynuilt-0 (Ty-0) to the vascular wilt fungus  Fusarium oxysporum  forma specialis  matthioli . We find that  RFO2  corresponds to diversity in receptor-like protein (RLP) genes. In Col-0, there is a tandem pair of RLP genes:  RFO2 /At1g17250 confers resistance while  RLP2  does not. In Ty-0, the highly diverged  RFO2  locus has one RLP gene conferring weaker resistance. While the endogenous  RFO2  makes a modest contribution to resistance, transgenic  RFO2  provides strong pathogen-specific resistance. The extracellular leucine-rich repeats (eLRRs) in RFO2 and RLP2 are interchangeable for resistance and remarkably similar to eLRRs in the receptor-like kinase PSY1R, which perceives tyrosine-sulfated peptide PSY1. Reduced infection in  psy1r  and mutants of related phytosulfokine (PSK) receptor genes  PSKR1  and  PSKR2  shows that tyrosine-sulfated peptide signaling promotes susceptibility. The related eLRRs in RFO2 and PSY1R are not interchangeable; and expression of the RLP nPcR, in which eLRRs in RFO2 are replaced with eLRRs in PSY1R, results in constitutive resistance. Counterintuitively, PSY1 signaling suppresses  nPcR  because  psy1r nPcR  is lethal. The fact that PSK signaling does not similarly affect  nPcR  argues that PSY1 signaling directly downregulates the expression of  nPcR . Our results support a speculative but intriguing model to explain  RFO2 's role in resistance. We propose that  F. oxysporum  produces an effector that inhibits the normal negative feedback regulation of PSY1R, which stabilizes PSY1 signaling and induces susceptibility. However, RFO2, acting as a decoy receptor for PSY1R, is also stabilized by the effector and instead induces host immunity. Overall, the quantitative resistance of  RFO2  is reminiscent of the better-studied monogenic resistance traits.

plos genetics

Arabidopsis thaliana RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 2 Implicates Tyrosine-Sulfated Peptide Signaling in Susceptibility and Resistance to Root Infection