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SNAP c  is one of a few basal transcription factors used by both RNA polymerase (pol) II and pol III. To define the set of active SNAP c -dependent promoters in human cells, we have localized genome-wide four SNAP c  subunits, GTF2B (TFIIB), BRF2, pol II, and pol III. Among some seventy loci occupied by SNAP c  and other factors, including pol II snRNA genes, pol III genes with type 3 promoters, and a few un-annotated loci, most are primarily occupied by either pol II and GTF2B, or pol III and BRF2. A notable exception is the  RPPH1  gene, which is occupied by significant amounts of both polymerases. We show that the large majority of SNAP c -dependent promoters recruit POU2F1 and/or ZNF143 on their enhancer region, and a subset also recruits GABP, a factor newly implicated in SNAP c -dependent transcription. These activators associate with pol II and III promoters in G1 slightly before the polymerase, and ZNF143 is required for efficient transcription initiation complex assembly. The results characterize a set of genes with unique properties and establish that polymerase specificity is not absolute  in vivo .

Genomic Study of RNA Polymerase II and III SNAPc-Bound Promoters Reveals a Gene Transcribed by Both Enzymes and a Broad Use of Common Activators