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The interaction between phytohormones is an important mechanism which controls growth and developmental processes in plants. Deciphering these interactions is a crucial step in helping to develop crops with enhanced yield and resistance to environmental stresses. Controlling the expression level of  OsAP2-39  which includes an APETALA 2 (AP2) domain leads to phenotypic changes in rice. Overexpression of  OsAP2-39  leads to a reduction in yield by decreasing the biomass and the number of seeds in the transgenic rice lines. Global transcriptome analysis of the  OsAP2-39  overexpression transgenic rice revealed the upregulation of a key Abscisic Acid (ABA) biosynthetic gene  OsNCED-I  which codes for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and leads to an increase in the endogenous ABA level. In addition to  OsNCED-1 , the gene expression analysis revealed the upregulation of a gene that codes for the Elongation of Upper most Internode (EUI) protein, an enzyme that catalyzes 16α, 17-epoxidation of non-13-hydroxylated GAs, which has been shown to deactivate gibberellins (GAs) in rice. The exogenous application of GA restores the wild-type phenotype in the transgenic line and ABA application induces the expression of  EUI  and suppresses the expression of  OsAP2-39  in the wild-type line. These observations clarify the antagonistic relationship between ABA and GA and illustrate a mechanism that leads to homeostasis of these hormones.  In vivo  and  in vitro  analysis showed that the expression of both  OsNCED-1  and  EUI  are directly controlled by  OsAP2-39 . Together, these results reveal a novel mechanism for the control of the ABA/GA balance in rice which is regulated by  OsAP2-39  that in turn regulates plant growth and seed production.

The APETALA-2-Like Transcription Factor OsAP2-39 Controls Key Interactions between Abscisic Acid and Gibberellin in Rice