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Plant resistance (R) proteins provide a robust surveillance system to defend against potential pathogens. Despite their importance in plant innate immunity, relatively few of the ∼170 R proteins in  Arabidopsis  have well-characterized resistance specificity. In order to identify the R protein responsible for recognition of the  Pseudomonas syringae  type III secreted effector (T3SE) HopZ1a, we assembled an  Arabidopsis R  gene T–DNA Insertion Collection (ARTIC) from publicly available  Arabidopsis thaliana  insertion lines and screened it for plants lacking HopZ1a-induced immunity. This reverse genetic screen revealed that the  Arabidopsis  R protein HOPZ-ACTIVATED RESISTANCE 1 (ZAR1; At3g50950) is required for recognition of HopZ1a in  Arabidopsis . ZAR1 belongs to the coiled-coil (CC) class of nucleotide binding site and leucine-rich repeat (NBS–LRR) containing R proteins; however, the ZAR1 CC domain phylogenetically clusters in a clade distinct from other related  Arabidopsis  R proteins. ZAR1–mediated immunity is independent of several genes required by other R protein signaling pathways, including  NDR1  and  RAR1 , suggesting that ZAR1 possesses distinct signaling requirements. The closely-related T3SE protein, HopZ1b, is still recognized by  zar1 Arabidopsis  plants indicating that  Arabidopsis  has evolved at least two independent R proteins to recognize the HopZ T3SE family. Also, in  Arabidopsis zar1  plants HopZ1a promotes  P. syringae  growth indicative of an ancestral virulence function for this T3SE prior to the evolution of recognition by the host resistance protein ZAR1. Our results demonstrate that the  Arabidopsis  resistance protein ZAR1 confers allele-specific recognition and virulence attenuation of the  Pseudomonas syringae  T3SE protein HopZ1a.

Allele-Specific Virulence Attenuation of the Pseudomonas syringae HopZ1a Type III Effector via the Arabidopsis ZAR1 Resistance Protein