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The human enteropathogen,  Yersinia enterocolitica,  is a significant link in the range of  Yersinia  pathologies extending from mild gastroenteritis to bubonic plague. Comparison at the genomic level is a key step in our understanding of the genetic basis for this pathogenicity spectrum. Here we report the genome of  Y. enterocolitica  strain 8081 (serotype 0:8; biotype 1B) and extensive microarray data relating to the genetic diversity of the  Y. enterocolitica  species. Our analysis reveals that the genome of  Y. enterocolitica  strain 8081 is a patchwork of horizontally acquired genetic loci, including a plasticity zone of 199 kb containing an extraordinarily high density of virulence genes. Microarray analysis has provided insights into species-specific  Y. enterocolitica  gene functions and the intraspecies differences between the high, low, and nonpathogenic  Y. enterocolitica  biotypes. Through comparative genome sequence analysis we provide new information on the evolution of the  Yersinia.  We identify numerous loci that represent ancestral clusters of genes potentially important in enteric survival and pathogenesis, which have been lost or are in the process of being lost, in the other sequenced  Yersinia  lineages. Our analysis also highlights large metabolic operons in  Y. enterocolitica  that are absent in the related enteropathogen,  Yersinia pseudotuberculosis,  indicating major differences in niche and nutrients used within the mammalian gut. These include clusters directing, the production of hydrogenases, tetrathionate respiration, cobalamin synthesis, and propanediol utilisation. Along with ancestral gene clusters, the genome of  Y. enterocolitica  has revealed species-specific and enteropathogen-specific loci .  This has provided important insights into the pathology of this bacterium and, more broadly, into the evolution of the genus. Moreover, wider investigations looking at the patterns of gene loss and gain in the  Yersinia  have highlighted common themes in the genome evolution of other human enteropathogens.

The Complete Genome Sequence and Comparative Genome Analysis of the High Pathogenicity Yersinia enterocolitica Strain 8081