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The geometry of the blood vessel wall plays a regulatory role on the motionof red blood cells (RBCs). The overall topography of the vessel wall depends onmany features, among which the endothelial lining of the endothelial surfacelayer (ESL) is an important one. The endothelial lining of vessel wallspresents a large surface area for exchanging materials between blood andtissues. The ESL plays a critical role in regulating vascular permeability,hindering leukocyte adhesion as well as inhibiting coagulation duringinflammation. Changes in the ESL structure are believed to cause vascularhyperpermeability and entrap immune cells during sepsis, which couldsignificantly alter the vessel wall geometry and disturb interactions betweenRBCs and the vessel wall, including the wall-induced migration of RBCs and thethickening of a cell-free layer. To investigate the influence of the vesselwall geometry particularly changed by the ESL under various pathologicalconditions, such as sepsis, on the motion of RBCs, we developed two models torepresent the ESL using the immersed boundary method in two dimensions. Inparticular, we used simulations to study how the lift force and drag force on aRBC near the vessel wall vary with different wall thickness, spatial variation,and permeability associated with changes in the vessel wall geometry. We findthat the spatial variation of the wall has a significant effect on thewall-induced migration of the RBC for a high permeability, and that thewall-induced migration is significantly inhibited as the vessel diameter isincreased.

Influence of the vessel wall geometry on the wall-induced migration of red blood cells