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Planar cell polarity (PCP), the coherent in-plane polarization of a tissue onmulticellular length scales, provides directional information that guides amultitude of developmental processes at cellular and tissue levels. While it ismanifest that cells utilize both intracellular and intercellular mechanisms,how the two produce the collective polarization remains an active area ofinvestigation. We study the role of intracellular interactions in thelarge-scale spatial coherence of cell polarities, and scrutinize the role ofintracellular interactions in the emergence of tissue-wide polarization. Wedemonstrate that nonlocal cytoplasmic interactions are necessary and sufficientfor the robust long-range polarization, and are essential to the faithfuldetection of weak directional signals. In the presence of nonlocalinteractions, signatures of geometrical information in tissue polarity becomemanifest. We investigate the deleterious effects of geometric disorder, anddetermine conditions on the cytoplasmic interactions that guarantee thestability of polarization. These conditions get progressively more stringentupon increasing the geometric disorder. Another situation where the role ofgeometrical information might be evident is elongated tissues. Strikingly, ourmodel recapitulates an observed influence of tissue elongation on theorientation of polarity. Eventually, we introduce three classes of mutants:lack of membrane proteins, cytoplasmic proteins, and local geometricalirregularities. We adopt core-PCP as a model pathway, and interpret the modelparameters accordingly, through comparing the in silico and in vivo phenotypes.This comparison helps us shed light on the roles of the cytoplasmic proteins incell-cell communication, and make predictions regarding the cooperation ofcytoplasmic and membrane proteins in long-range polarization.

The Role of Intracellular Interactions in the Collective Polarization of Tissues and its Interplay with Cellular Geometry