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A fundamental goal of microbial ecology is to understand what determines thediversity, stability, and structure of microbial ecosystems. The microbialcontext poses special conceptual challenges because of the strong mutualinfluences between the microbes and their chemical environment through theconsumption and production of metabolites. By analyzing a generalized consumerresource model that explicitly includes cross-feeding, stochastic colonization,and thermodynamics, we show that complex microbial communities genericallyexhibit a transition as a function of available energy fluxes from a"resource-limited" regime where community structure and stability is shaped byenergetic and metabolic considerations to a diverse regime where the dominantforce shaping microbial communities is the overlap between species' consumptionpreferences. These two regimes have distinct species abundance patterns,different functional profiles, and respond differently to environmentalperturbations. Our model reproduces large-scale ecological patterns observedacross multiple experimental settings such as nestedness and differential betadiversity patterns along energy gradients. We discuss the experimentalimplications of our results and possible connections with disorder-inducedphase transitions in statistical physics.

Available energy fluxes drive a transition in the diversity, stability, and functional structure of microbial communities