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Timings of human activities are marked by circadian clocks which in turn areentrained to different environmental signals. In an urban environment thepresence of artificial lighting and various social cues tend to disrupt thenatural entrainment with the sunlight. However, it is not completely understoodto what extent this is the case. Here we exploit the large-scale data analysistechniques to study the mobile phone calling activity of people in large citiesto infer the dynamics of urban daily rhythms. From the calling patterns ofabout 1,000,000 users spread over different cities but lying inside the sametime-zone, we show that the onset and termination of the calling activitysynchronizes with the east-west progression of the sun. We also find that theonset and termination of the calling activity of users follows a yearlydynamics, varying across seasons, and that its timings are entrained to solarmidnight. Furthermore, we show that the average mid-sleep time of people livingin urban areas depends on the age and gender of each cohort as a result ofbiological and social factors.

Tracking Urban Human Activity from Mobile Phone Calling Patterns