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It has been hypothesized that neural activities in the primary visual cortex(V1) represent a saliency map of the visual field to exogenously guideattention. This hypothesis has so far provided only qualitative predictions andtheir confirmations. We report this hypothesis' first quantitative prediction,derived without free parameters, and its confirmation by human behavioral data.The hypothesis provides a direct link between V1 neural responses to a visuallocation and the saliency of that location to guide attention exogenously. In avisual input containing many bars, one of them saliently different from all theother bars which are identical to each other, saliency at the singleton'slocation can be measured by the shortness of the reaction time in a visualsearch task to find the singleton. The hypothesis predicts quantitatively thewhole distribution of the reaction times to find a singleton unique in color,orientation, and motion direction from the reaction times to find other typesof singletons. The predicted distribution matches the experimentally observeddistribution in all six human observers. A requirement for this successfulprediction is a data-motivated assumption that V1 lacks neurons tunedsimultaneously to color, orientation, and motion direction of visual inputs.Since evidence suggests that extrastriate cortices do have such neurons, wediscuss the possibility that the extrastriate cortices play no role in guidingexogenous attention so that they can be devoted to other functional roles likevisual decoding or endogenous attention.

Primary visual cortex as a saliency map: parameter-free prediction of behavior from V1 physiology