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Identifying and quantifying the benefits of sex and recombination is a longstanding problem in evolutionary theory. In particular, contradictory claimshave been made about the existence of a benefit of recombination on highdimensional fitness landscapes in the presence of sign epistasis. Here wepresent a comparative numerical study of sexual and asexual evolutionarydynamics of haploids on tunably rugged model landscapes under strong selection,paying special attention to the temporal development of the evolutionaryadvantage of recombination and the link between population diversity and therate of adaptation. We show that the adaptive advantage of recombination onstatic rugged landscapes is strictly transitory. At early times, an advantageof recombination arises through the possibility to combine individuallyoccurring beneficial mutations, but this effect is reversed at longer times bythe much more efficient trapping of recombining populations at local fitnesspeaks. These findings are explained by means of well established results for asetup with only two loci. In accordance with the Red Queen hypothesis thetransitory advantage can be prolonged indefinitely in fluctuating environments,and it is maximal when the environment fluctuates on the same time scale onwhich trapping at local optima typically occurs.

Multidimensional epistasis and the transitory advantage of sex