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Transient receptor potential (TRP) proteins form Ca 2+ -permeable, nonselective cation channels, but their role in neuronal Ca 2+  homeostasis is elusive. In the present paper, we show that TRPC channels potently regulate synaptic plasticity by changing the presynaptic Ca 2+ -homeostasis of hippocampal neurons. Specifically, loss of TRPC1/C4/C5 channels decreases basal-evoked secretion, reduces the pool size of readily releasable vesicles, and accelerates synaptic depression during high-frequency stimulation (HFS). In contrast, primary TRPC5 channel-expressing neurons, identified by a novel TRPC5–τ-green fluorescent protein (τGFP) knockin mouse line, show strong short-term enhancement (STE) of synaptic signaling during HFS, indicating a key role of TRPC5 in short-term plasticity. Lentiviral expression of either TRPC1 or TRPC5 turns classic synaptic depression of wild-type neurons into STE, demonstrating that TRPCs are instrumental in regulating synaptic plasticity. Presynaptic Ca 2+  imaging shows that TRPC activity strongly boosts synaptic Ca 2+  dynamics, showing that TRPC channels provide an additional presynaptic Ca 2+  entry pathway, which efficiently regulates synaptic strength and plasticity.

TRPC channels regulate Ca2+-signaling and short-term plasticity of fast glutamatergic synapses