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In human studies, how averaged activation in a brain region relates to humanbehavior has been extensively investigated. This approach has led to thefinding that positive and negative facial preferences are represented bydifferent brain regions. However, using a multi-voxel pattern induction methodwe found that different patterns of neural activations within the cingulatecortex (CC) play roles in representing opposite emotional states. In thepresent study, while neutrally-preferred faces were presented, activationpatterns in the CC that corresponded to higher (or lower) preference wererepeatedly induced by the pattern induction method. As a result, previouslyneutrally-preferred faces became more (or less) preferred. We conclude that adifferent activation pattern in the CC, rather than averaged activation in adifferent area, represents and causally determines positive or negative facialpreference. This new approach may reveal importance in an activation patternwithin a brain region in many cognitive functions.

Differential activation patterns in the same brain region led to opposite emotional states