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Abscisic acid (ABA) signal transduction has been proposed to utilize cytosolic Ca 2+  in guard cell ion channel regulation. However, genetic mutants in Ca 2+  sensors that impair guard cell or plant ion channel signaling responses have not been identified, and whether Ca 2+ -independent ABA signaling mechanisms suffice for a full response remains unclear. Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) have been proposed to contribute to central signal transduction responses in plants. However, no  Arabidopsis CDPK  gene disruption mutant phenotype has been reported to date, likely due to overlapping redundancies in CDPKs. Two  Arabidopsis  guard cell–expressed  CDPK  genes,  CPK3  and  CPK6 , showed gene disruption phenotypes. ABA and Ca 2+  activation of slow-type anion channels and, interestingly, ABA activation of plasma membrane Ca 2+ -permeable channels were impaired in independent alleles of single and double  cpk3cpk6  mutant guard cells. Furthermore, ABA- and Ca 2+ -induced stomatal closing were partially impaired in these  cpk3cpk6  mutant alleles. However, rapid-type anion channel current activity was not affected, consistent with the partial stomatal closing response in double mutants via a proposed branched signaling network. Imposed Ca 2+  oscillation experiments revealed that Ca 2+ -reactive stomatal closure was reduced in CDPK double mutant plants. However, long-lasting Ca 2+ -programmed stomatal closure was not impaired, providing genetic evidence for a functional separation of these two modes of Ca 2+ -induced stomatal closing. Our findings show important functions of the CPK6 and CPK3 CDPKs in guard cell ion channel regulation and provide genetic evidence for calcium sensors that transduce stomatal ABA signaling.

CDPKs CPK6 and CPK3 Function in ABA Regulation of Guard Cell S-Type Anion- and Ca2+- Permeable Channels and Stomatal Closure