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The resonance energy and the transition rate of atoms, molecules and solidswere understood as their intrinsic properties in classical electromagnetism.With the development of quantum electrodynamics, it is realized that thesequantities are linked to the coupling of the transition dipole and the quantumvacuum. Such effects can be greatly amplified in macroscopic many-body systemsfrom virtual photon exchange between dipoles, but are often masked byinhomogeneity and pure dephasing, especially in solids. Here, we observe anexceptionally large renormalization of exciton resonance and radiative decayrate in transition metal dichalcogenides monolayers due to interactions withthe vacuum in both absorption and emission spectroscopy. Tuning the vacuumenergy density near the monolayer, we demonstrate control of cooperative Lambshift, radiative decay, and valley polarization as well as control of thecharged exciton emission. Our work establishes a simple and robust experimentalsystem for vacuum engineering of cooperative matter-light interactions.

Engineering Effects of Vacuum Fluctuations on Two-dimensional Semiconductors