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Periodic structures embedded in transparent materials have attracted considerable interest and been widely studied in the past decades, due to their promising applications in integrated optics. Femtosecond (fs) laser has been proved to be a powerful tool to realize periodic structures inside transparent materials by using point by point or line by line laser scanning technique. In this paper, we present recent research developments on single fs laser beam induced periodic structures, which include nanovoid array along the propagation direction of the laser beam, tilted grating structures, polarization dependent nanograting etc. The formation mechanisms and promising applications of these periodic structures are also discussed. © 2013 Optical Society of America.

Formation and applications of periodic structures in transparent materials induced by single fs laser beam