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The concepts of work and heat in the quantum domain, as well as theirinterconversion principles, are still an open debate. We have found theoreticalevidence that a single photon packet is capable of extracting work from asingle two-level system (TLS). More importantly, this effect is found for aphoton as it is spontaneously emitted, therefore carrying only heat away fromthe emitter. This is the most elementary process in which heat is convertedinto work, requiring not more than two off-resonance atoms for that purpose.From a more practical point of view it is found that, surprisingly, work can beextracted from a TLS in a completely passive initial state. The process iscyclic in the sense that the TLS initial and final states are equal. The stateof the TLS remains passive throughout the interaction time with thesingle-photon packet. The physical meaning of the work performed by the TLS isfound to be a dynamical change in the color of the photon during the reemissionprocess. All our predictions are, in principle, measurable withinstate-of-the-art experiments.

The most elementary heat to work conversion: work extraction from a completely passive state by a single photon