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For the first time, a versatile, eyesafe, compact and direct detectionDoppler lidar is developed using upconversion single-photon detection method.An all-fiber and polarization maintaining architecture is realized to guaranteethe high optical coupling efficiency and the system stability. Usingintegrated-optic components, the conservation of etendue of the opticalreceiver is achieved by manufacturing a fiber-coupled periodically poledLithium niobate waveguide and an all-fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI).The so-called double-edge direct detection is implemented using asingle-channel FPI and a single upconversion detector, incorporatingtime-division multiplexing method. The relative error of the system is lowerthan 0.1% over 9 weeks. To show the robust of the system, atmospheric wind andvisibility over 48 hours are detected in the boundary layer. In theintercomparison experiments, lidar shows good agreement with the ultrasonicwind sensor (Vaisala windcap WMT52), with standard deviation of 1.04 m/s inspeed and 12.3{\deg} in direction.

Micro-pulse upconversion Doppler lidar for wind and visibility detection in the atmospheric boundary layer