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By pumping thulium-doped silica-based fibers at 1.07~\mu m, rapid generationof absorbing centers leads to photo-induced attenuation (PIA). This detrimentaleffect prevents exploiting laser emissions in the visible and near infrared. Wereport on the characterization of the PIA versus the fiber core composition,particularly the concentration of thulium (Tm), lanthanum (La) and cerium (Ce)ions. We show that UV emision induced by Tm-Tm energy transfers is the sourceof photo-darkening, and that lanthanum and cerium are efficient hardenersagainst PIA.

Steady photo-darkening of thulium alumino-silicate fibers pumped at $1.07~\mu m$: Quantitative effect of lanthanum, cerium and thulium