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For future generations of gravitational wave detectors, it is proposed to use the helical Laguerre-Gaussian L  G  3,3 mode to reduce thermal noise, which limits the detector sensitivity. At the same time, this requires the efficient generation of squeezed vacuum states in the L  G  3,3 mode for quantum noise reduction. Since this technique includes the process of second harmonic generation (SHG), we experimentally compare the conversion efficiency and harmonic output field of the L  G  0,0 and L  G  3,3 modes in a cavity-enhanced SHG using the same 7% doped M  g  O : L  i  N  b  O  3 crystal. Conversion efficiencies of 96% and 45% are achieved, respectively. The influence of mode mismatches and astigmatism is analyzed to estimate the ratio of the pump mode-dependent effective nonlinearities to be d  0,0 / d  3,3 ∼5. Furthermore, we show that absorption loss in the crystal is more relevant for the L  G  3,3 mode.

Frequency-doubling of continuous laser light in the Laguerre–Gaussian modes LG0,0 and LG3,3

Frequency-doubling of continuous laser light in the Laguerre–Gaussian modes LG_0,0 and LG_3,3