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We present space and time resolved measurements of the air hydrodynamicsinduced by ultrafast laser pulse excitation of the air gap between twoelectrodes at high potential difference. We explore both plasma-based andplasma-free gap excitation. The former uses the plasma left in the wake offemtosecond filamentation, while the latter exploits air heating bymultiple-pulse resonant excitation of quantum molecular wavepackets. We findthat the cumulative electrode-driven air density depression channel initiatedby the laser plays the dominant role in the gap evolution leading to breakdown.

Air hydrodynamics of the ultrafast laser-triggered spark gap