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The orbital angular momentum (OAM) of photons is a promising degree offreedom for high-dimensional quantum key distribution (QKD). However,effectively mitigating the adverse effects of atmospheric turbulence is apersistent challenge in OAM QKD systems operating over free-space communicationchannels. In contrast to previous works focusing on correcting static simulatedturbulence, we investigate the performance of OAM QKD in real atmosphericturbulence with real-time adaptive optics (AO) correction. We show that, evenour AO system provides a limited correction, it is possible to mitigate theerrors induced by weak turbulence and establish a secure channel. The crosstalkinduced by turbulence and the performance of AO systems is investigated in twoconfigurations: a lab-scale link with controllable turbulence, and a 340 m longcross-campus link with dynamic atmospheric turbulence. Our experimental resultssuggest that an advanced AO system with fine beam tracking, reliable beamstabilization, precise wavefront sensing, and accurate wavefront correction isnecessary to adequately correct turbulence-induced error. We also propose anddemonstrate different solutions to improve the performance of OAM QKD withturbulence, which could enable the possibility of OAM encoding in strongturbulence.

Performance of real-time adaptive optics compensation in a turbulent channel with high-dimensional spatial-mode encoding