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Nonlinear frequency conversion plays a crucial role in advancing thefunctionality of next-generation optical systems. Portable metrology referencesand quantum networks will demand highly efficient second-order nonlineardevices, and the intense nonlinear interactions of nanophotonic waveguides canbe leveraged to meet these requirements. Here we demonstrate second harmonicgeneration (SHG) in GaAs-on-insulator waveguides with unprecedented efficiencyof 40 W$^{-1}$ for a single-pass device. This result is achieved by minimizingthe propagation loss and optimizing phase-matching. We investigatesurface-state absorption and design the waveguide geometry for modalphase-matching with tolerance to fabrication variation. A 2.0 $\mu$m pump isconverted to a 1.0 $\mu$m signal in a length of 2.9 mm with a wide signalbandwidth of 148 GHz. Tunable and efficient operation is demonstrated over atemperature range of 45 $^{\circ}$C with a slope of 0.24 nm/$^{\circ}$C.Wafer-bonding between GaAs and SiO$_2$ is optimized to minimize waveguide loss,and the devices are fabricated on 76 mm wafers with high uniformity. We expectthis device to enable fully integrated self-referenced frequency combs andhigh-rate entangled photon pair generation.

Efficient second harmonic generation in nanophotonic GaAs-on-insulator waveguides