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Laser with high spectral purity plays a crucial role in high-precisionoptical metrology and coherent communication. Thanks to the rapid developmentof laser frequency stabilization, the laser phase noise can be remarkablycompensated, allowing its ultra-narrow linewidth subject to mostly quantumlimit. Nevertheless, the accurate characterization of phase noise dynamics andits intrinsic linewidth of a highly coherent laser remains ambiguous andchallenging. Here, we present an approach capable of revealingdelay-time-resolved phase noise dynamics of a coherent laser based on coherentoptical time domain reflectometry (COTDR), in which distributed Rayleighscattering along a delay fibre essentially allows a time-of-flight mapping of aheterodyne beating signal associated with delay-time-dependent phaseinformation from a single laser source. Ultimately, this novel techniquefacilitates a precise measurement of ultra-narrow laser linewidth by exploitingits delay-time-resolved phase jitter statistics, confirmed with the analyticalmodelling and numerical simulations.

Unveiling delay-time-resolved phase noise dynamics of narrow-linewidth laser via coherent optical time domain reflectometry