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Solution-processed, lead halide-based perovskite solar cells have overcomeimportant challenges over the recent years, offering low-cost and high solarpower conversion efficiencies. However, they still undergo unoptimized lightcollection due mainly to the thin (~350 nm) polycrystalline absorber layers.Moreover, their high toxicity (due to the presence of lead in the perovskitecrystalline structure) makes it necessary that the thickness of the absorberlayers to be further reduced, for their future commercialization, withoutreducing the device performance. Here we aim to address these issues viaembedding spherical plasmonic nanoparticles of various sizes, composition,concentrations, and vertical positions, for the first time in realistichalide-based perovskite solar cells architecture, and to clarify their effecton the absorption properties and enhancement. We theoretically show thatplasmon-enhanced near-field effects and scattering leads to a devicephotocurrent enhancement of up to ~7.3% when silver spheres are embedded insidethe perovskite layer. Interestingly, the combination of silver spheres inperovskite and aluminum spheres inside the hole transporting layer (PEDOT:PSS)of the solar cell leads to an even further enhancement, of up to ~12%. Thisapproach allows the employment of much thinner perovskite layers in PSCs (up to150 nm) to reach the same photocurrent as the nanoparticles-free device andreducing thus significantly the toxicity of the device. Providing therequirements related to the size, shape, position, composition, andconcentration of nanoparticles for the PSCs photocurrent enhancement, our studyestablishes guidelines for a future development of highly-efficient,environmentally friendly and low-cost plasmonic perovskite solar cells.

optics express

Efficient and environmental-friendly perovskite solar cells via  embedding plasmonic nanoparticles: an optical simulation study on realistic  device architecture