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Coherent diffraction imaging (CDI) allows the retrieval of the structure ofan isolated object, such as a macromolecule, from its diffraction pattern. CDIrequires the fulfilment of two conditions: the imaging radiation must becoherent and the object must be isolated. We discuss that it is possible todirectly retrieve the molecular structure from its diffraction pattern whichwas acquired neither with coherent radiation nor from an individual molecule,provided the molecule exhibits periodicity in one direction, as in the case offiber diffraction. We demonstrate that by applying iterative phase retrievalmethods to a fiber diffraction pattern, the repeating unit, that is, themolecule structure, can directly be reconstructed without any prior modeling.As an example, we recover the structure of the DNA double helix inthree-dimensions from its two-dimensional X-ray fiber diffraction pattern,Photograph 51, acquired in the famous experiment by Raymond Gosling andRosalind Franklin, at a resolution of 3.4 Angstrom.

Three-dimensional double helical DNA structure directly revealed from its X-ray fiber diffraction pattern by iterative phase retrieval