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We demonstrate for the first time an efficient, photonic-based astronomicalspectrograph on the 8-m Subaru Telescope. An extreme adaptive optics system iscombined with pupil apodiziation optics to efficiently inject light directlyinto a single-mode fiber, which feeds a compact cross-dispersed spectrographbased on array waveguide grating technology. The instrument currently offers athroughput of 5% from sky-to-detector which we outline could easily be upgradedto ~13% (assuming a coupling efficiency of 50%). The isolated spectrographthroughput from the single-mode fiber to detector was 42% at 1550 nm. Thecoupling efficiency into the single-mode fiber was limited by the achievableStrehl ratio on a given night. A coupling efficiency of 47% has been achievedwith ~60% Strehl ratio on-sky to date. Improvements to the adaptive opticssystem will enable 90% Strehl ratio and a coupling of up to 67% eventually.This work demonstrates that the unique combination of advanced technologiesenables the realization of a compact and highly efficient spectrograph, settinga precedent for future instrument design on very-large and extremely-largetelescopes.

Demonstration of an efficient, photonic-based astronomical spectrograph on an 8-m telescope