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Terahertz (THz) generation by optical rectification (OR) usingtilted-pulse-fronts is studied. One-dimensional (1-D) and 2-D spatial models,which simultaneously account for (i) the nonlinear coupled interaction of theTHz and optical radiation, (ii) angular and material dispersion, (iii)absorption, iv) self-phase modulation and (v) stimulated Raman scattering arepresented. We numerically show that the large experimentally observed cascadedfrequency down-shift and spectral broadening (cascading effects) of the opticalpump pulse is a direct consequence of THz generation. In the presence of thislarge spectral broadening, the phase mismatch due to angular dispersion isgreatly enhanced. Consequently, this cascading effect in conjunction withangular dispersion is shown to be the strongest limitation to THz generation inlithium niobate for pumping at 1 micron. It is seen that the exclusion of thesecascading effects in modeling OR, leads to a significant overestimation of theoptical-to-THz conversion efficiency. The simulation results are supported byexperiments.

Limitations to THz generation by optical rectification using tilted pulse fronts