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There are numerous advantages to exploiting diffraction-limitedinstrumentation at astronomical observatories, which include smallerfootprints, less mechanical and thermal instabilities and high levels ofperformance. To realize such instrumentation it is imperative to convert theatmospheric seeing-limited signal that is captured by the telescope into adiffraction-limited signal. This process can be achieved photonically by usinga mode reformatting device known as a photonic lantern that performs amultimode to single-mode transition. With the aim of developing an optimizedintegrated photonic lantern, we undertook a systematic parameter scan ofdevices fabricated by the femtosecond laser direct-write technique. The deviceswere designed for operation around 1.55 {\mu}m. The devices showed (couplingand transition) losses of less than 5% for F/# $\geq$ 12 injection and thetotal device throughput (including substrate absorption) as high as 75-80%.Such devices show great promise for future use in astronomy.

Integrated photonic building blocks for next-generation astronomical instrumentation II: the multimode to single mode transition