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I compute from first principles the local heating rate $q$ (the amount ofelectromagnetic energy converted to heat per unit time per unit volume) forelectromagnetic waves propagating in magnetically and electrically polarizablemedia. I find that, in magnetic media, this rate has two separatecontributions, $q^{(V)}$ and $q^{(S)}$, the first coming from the volume of themedium and the second from its surface. I argue that the second law ofthermodynamics requires that the volume contribution be positive and that thisrequirement, in turn, prohibits negative refraction. This result holds foractive or passive media and in the presence of anisotropy and spatialdispersion.

Correct Definition of the Poynting Vector in Electrically and Magnetically Polarizable Medium Reveals that Negative Refraction is Impossible