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The Langevin noise approach for quantization of macroscopic electromagneticsfor three-dimensional, inhomogeneous environments is compared with normal modequantization. Recent works on the applicability of the method are discussed,and several examples are provided showing that for closed systems the Langevinnoise approach reduces to the usual cavity mode expansion method when loss iseliminated.

The Langevin Noise Approach for Lossy Media and the Lossless Limit