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The tilted-pulse-front setup utilizing a diffraction grating is one of themost successful methods to generate single- to few-cycle terahertz pulses.However, the generated terahertz pulses have a large spatial inhomogeneity, dueto the noncollinear phase matching condition and the asymmetry of theprism-shaped nonlinear crystal geometry, especially when pushing for highoptical-to-terahertz conversion efficiency. A 3D+1 (x,y,z,t) numerical model isnecessary in order to fully investigate the terahertz generation problem in thetilted-pulse-front scheme. We compare in detail the differences between 1D+1,2D+1 and 3D+1 models. The simulations show that the size of the optical beam inthe pulse-front-tilt plane sensitively affects the spatio-temporal propertiesof the terahertz electric field. The terahertz electric field is found to havea strong spatial dependence such that a few-cycle pulse is only generated nearthe apex of the prism. The part of the beam farther from the apex contains alarge fraction of the energy but has a waveform that deviates from a few-cycle.This strong spatial dependence must be accounted for when using the terahertzpulses for strong-field physics and carrier-envelope-phase sensitiveexperiments such as terahertz acceleration, coherent control ofantiferromagnetic spin waves and terahertz high-harmonic generation.

Full 3D+1 modelling of the tilted-pulse-front setups for single-cycle terahertz generation