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Polarimetric sensing by orthogonality breaking has been recently proposed asan alternative technique for performing direct and fast polarimetricmeasurements using a specific dual-frequency dual-polarization (DFDP) source.Based on the instantaneous Stokes-Mueller formalism to describe thehigh-frequency evolution of the DFDP beam intensity, we thoroughly analyze theinteraction of such a beam with birefringent, dichroic and depolarizingsamples. This allows us to confirm that orthogonality breaking is produced bythe sample diattenuation, whereas this technique is immune to bothbirefringence and diagonal depolarization. We further analyze the robustness ofthis technique when polarimetric sensing is performed through a birefringentwaveguide, and the optimal DFDP source configuration for fiber-based endoscopicmeasurements is subsequently identified. Finally, we consider a stochasticdepolarization model based on an ensemble of random linear diattenuators, whichmakes it possible to understand the progressive vanishing of the detectedorthogonality breaking signal as the spatial heterogeneity of the sampleincreases, thus confirming the insensitivity of this method to diagonaldepolarization. The fact that the orthogonality breaking signal is exclusivelydue to the sample dichroism is an advantageous feature for the precisedecoupled characterization of such an anisotropic parameter in samples showingseveral simultaneous effects.

Orthogonality breaking sensing model based on the instantaneous Stokes vector and the Mueller calculus