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We investigated the effects of operator-applied force on diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) by integrating a force transducer into the handheld probe. Over the typical range of contact forces measured in the breasts of eight patients, absorption and reduced scattering coefficients (650 to 1000 nm) variance was 3.1 +/- 1.0% and 1.0 +/- 0.4%. For trained operators, we observed &lt;5% variation in hemoglobin and &lt;2% variation in water and lipids. Contact force is not a significant source of variation, most likely because of a relatively wide probe surface area and the stability of the DOS method for calculating tissue optical properties.

Effect of contact force on breast tissue optical property measurements using a broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy handheld probe