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TO the American or European of the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, bathing may be as closely linked to Japanese culture as sushi and sumo. Japanese today are well known for their high standards of cleanliness and for the seemingly scalding tubs of water in which they soak. Visitors who fail to describe, in letter or diary, their experiences at the bath are rare, and have been since Europeans began traveling to the islands in the mid-sixteenth century. Their comments have long been marked by observations of bathers as “naked as frogs” or “red as boiled lobsters” and the like, although individuals such as João Rodrigues (1562–1633) and Engelbert Kaempfer (1651–1716) offered detailed descriptions of baths that remain useful to scholars today.1 Despite this long-standing interest in Japanese bathing practices, Western scholarly literature on the subject, particularly that undertaken from a historical perspective, is scant, and even work in Japanese is not extensive.2 Recent social and anthropological studies have offered insights into the meaning of bathing in Japan today, but nothing comparable is available for earlier periods.3 One result

&quot;Washing Off the Dust&quot;: Baths and Bathing in Late Medieval Japan

"Washing Off the Dust": Baths and Bathing in Late Medieval Japan