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By examining two episodes in Hong Kong’s computing history, this article describes how the industrial organization and knowledge base that structured retail banking technology in Hong Kong transformed between the 1960s and early 2000s. Specifically, the authors compare the adoption of computers at HSBC in the 1960s and 1970s with the Octopus micropayments system’s development in the 1990s.

The Industrial Organization of Hong Kong’s Progression Toward a Cashless Economy (1960s–2000s)