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The development of a method for the direct inversion of second virial coefficient data to obtain infonnation about the intemolecular potential allows us to establish criteria for the significance of measurements of the equation of state. Precise virial coefficient measurements show evidence of systematic errors caused by adsorption; mixing methods for determining excess second virial coefficients are also susceptible to adsorption errors. If the range of applicability of volumetric techniques is limited by adsorption, other methods must be found that allow the important low-temperature region to be investigated. In principle, acoustic and calometric (isothermal Joule-Thomson and heat-of-mixing) methods for determining second virial coefficients can be used at low temperatures. The limitations of these methods and the problem of extracting the virial coefficients from the primary data are discussed.

Twixt cup and lip: do equation-of-state measurements really tell us anything useful about intermolecular forces?