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Developments in techniques for studying '3C nmr at natural abundance are reviewed with particular emphasis on Fourier transform (FT) methods and multiple pulse versions of the FT technique, such as driven equilibrium Fourier transform (DEFT). The mechanisms of spin—lattice relaxation of 13C are discussed in the light of T1 data for a number of small molecules. Contributions from dipolar interactions, spin—rotation, chemical shift anisotropy and scalar coupling interactions have been found. T2 for 13C can be appreciably shorter than T1 when '3C is coupled to a more rapidly relaxing nucleus, such as a proton. The implications of this result on sensitivity enhancement by FT and DEFT methods are discussed.

13C nmr spectroscopy: relaxation times of 13C and methods for sensitivity enhancement