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Antibiotics that interfere with protein synthesis have been distinguished by their effect on procaryotic or euraryotic cells and extracts, or both; by their binding or action on the smaller or larger ribosome subunit; and by their action on the Por A-site of the ribosomal-mRNA complex. Sparsomycin, chioramphenicol. gougerotin and amicetin all inhibit peptide bond formation and interact with the larger ribosomal subunit. Pactamycin, streptomycin and the tetracyclines bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit from bacteria; however pactamycin also interacts with the smaller (40S) ribosomal subunit from mammalian cells. At low concentrations (10-6 M) pactamycin inhibits primarily initiation of protein synthesis. On the other hand fusidic acid and thiostrepton inhibit translocation and interfere with the function of the larger ribosomal subunit. Also G factor has recently been implicated in fusidic acid action. Antibiotics interfere with nucleic acid synthesis and function either by complexing with DNA or by inactivating or competing with the other components involved in nucleic acid replication reactions. Antibiotics which complex with DNA include actinomycin, chromomycin, mithramycin. olivomycin, the anthracyclines and mitomycin. Antibiotics which directly inactivate the RNA polymerase include rifamycin, streptovaricin and streptolydigin. Another inhibitor, kanchanomycin, appears to combine features of the antibiotics which activate the DNA template and those which inactivate the RNA polymerase. In the antibiotics, nature has provided man with exquisitely potent and specific agents that have proved useful as drugs in the treatment of disease and as tools in the study of biological processes. Some antibiotics have been employed clinically for their antitumour and immunosuppressive properties, others for their effectiveness in infections of bacterial or viral origin. Although certain antibiotics work only on procaryotes (cells lacking a nucleus, such as bacteria), others are toxic only to eucaryotes (cells with a nucleus) or to both types of organisms. This discussion will be limited to a consideration of the mechanisms of action of only a few of the antibiotics that Present address: National Institute of Mental Health. Bethesda, Md, USA.

Specificity in the mechanism of action of antibiotic inhibitors of protein and nucleic acid synthesis