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Past reports indicate that some nanoparticles (NPs) affect seed germination; however, the biotransformation of metal NPs is still not well understood. This study investigated the toxicity on seed germination/root elongation and the uptake of ZnO NPs and Zn 2+  in alfalfa ( Medicago sativa ), cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ), and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ) seedlings. Seeds were treated with ZnO NPs at 0&amp;ndash;1600 mg L &amp;ndash;1  as well as 0&amp;ndash;250 mg L &amp;ndash;1  Zn 2+  for comparison purposes. Results showed that at 1600 mg L &amp;ndash;1  ZnO NPs, germination in cucumber increased by 10 %, and alfalfa and tomato germination were reduced by 40 and 20 %, respectively. At 250 mg Zn 2+  L &amp;ndash;1 , only tomato germination was reduced with respect to controls. The highest Zn content was of 4700 and 3500 mg kg &amp;ndash;1  dry weight (DW), for alfalfa seedlings germinated in 1600 mg L &amp;ndash;1  ZnO NPs and 250 mg L &amp;ndash;1  Zn 2+ , respectively. Bulk X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) results indicated that ZnO NPs were probably biotransformed by plants. The edge energy positions of NP-treated samples were at the same position as Zn(NO 3 ) 2 , which indicated that Zn in all plant species was as Zn(II).

Effects of ZnO nanoparticles in alfalfa, tomato, and cucumber at the germination stage: Root development and X-ray absorption spectroscopy studies