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Core samples from the Opalinus Clay, an indurated clay formation of Jurassic age, were subjected to comprehensive microstructural investigations: transmission electron microscopy, focused ion beam nanotomography, and X-ray computed tomography. Digital representations of the microstructure were derived from the tomographic images by segmentation and 3D reconstruction of the geomaterial on a grid of regular voxel elements with a typical edge length of as little as 10 nm and a maximum size on the order of 1000 voxels. Pertinent geotechnical properties were derived on the microscopic scale using state-of-the-art image-processing procedures. The results were compared with results from geotechnical laboratory characterization methods such as mercury intrusion porosimetry, nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurements, grain-size analysis, X-ray diffraction, and triaxial testing. Good agreement was achieved between microscopic and macroscopic characterization methods. The macroscopic (poro-elastic) deformation behavior of the Opalinus Clay was also reproduced reasonably well by geomechanical modeling on the microscopic scale. The cross-anisotropic stiffness of the rock mass is thus caused partly by preferred orientation of pore structures along bedding. In addition, new insight was gained with regard to the role of small mesopores (2–10 nm), essentially controlling the macroscopic deformation behavior of indurated clays.

Microstructural insights into the petrophysical characteristics of indurated clays