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pseudo-erosions (endocervical ectopy), regardless of the presence of precancerous lesions (dysplasia), has been applied routinely. This practice is at variance with the international approach and the evidence that such treatment does not protect against cervical cancer [17]. Cervical ectopies were found at mass examinations and treated by electroor thermocauterization [18,19]. It was recommended to start the treatment of pseudo-erosions as early as possible, while large lesions were treated by diathermoconization, a procedure known to be associated with complications [20,21]. Complications of mass cauterizations of cervical ectopies were noticed later. It should be commented that the presence of columnar epithelium on the portio, i.e. endocervical ectropion or cervical ectopy, is considered normal for young women, in particular, if hormonal contraceptives are used [22]. Accordingly, the latter category of females has been at the highest high risk of this overtreatment, reported to be quite unpleasant by some women, who could have made impression to be socially unprotected or immoral. Apparently, an ideation of punishment has played a role in some medical personnel [6]. Furthermore, the cervical conization is a new procedure in Russia; primary hysterectomy has been generally applied instead. Pap-smears have been rare, cervical cancer being diagnosed at a relatively advanced stage [23]. Another procedure, as far as we know, used on a scale unprecedented in other countries, is the therapy with Ultra High Frequency (UHF) electromagnetic fields. The UHF therapy has been officially recommended for children and adults with tonsillitis and other otorhinolaryngolical conditions since the early 1960s [24,25]. The UHF therapy is used now as before; last time, the Extremely High Frequency (EHF) waves have also been used for respiratory and allergic conditions in children, while absence of contraindications has been pointed out [26]. At the same time, reports from the former SU on the non-thermal and non-cancer effects of electromagnetic radiation from anthropogenic sources, in particular, functional derangements of the nervous system, have been continued, although some results could not be reproduced [27-29]. However, doses of thermal intensity used in the UHF therapy are higher than those from the environmental anthropogenic sources. Considering anatomical proximity of the tonsils and neural structures especially in children, there have been concerns about such use of microwaves. Note that excessive exposures and imprecise focusing may occur in the therapeutic practice. A case of behavior abnormalities and slight Sergei V. Jargin*

Invasive Procedures withQuestionable Indications used in Russia: Recent History