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Activated charcoal (AC) supported bismuth (Bi) doped SiO2 nanocomposite sphere was successfully synthesized via a sol-gel method and utilized in aqueous solution for the photocatalytic degradation of malachite green (MG), a common water pollutant in the textile industry. The structural, morphological and photocatalytic properties of as-synthesized samples were studied using various analytical techniques. Surface morphology and bulk composition of the composite was obtained using electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis. An HR-SEM and HR-TEM image of ACBi@SiO2 shows that the spherical particles with an average size around 40 nm. The data of HR-TEM and X-ray diffraction prove that the incorporation of Bi into the SiO2 matrix. The crystal structure and elemental composition was analyzed by combining Fourier transform-Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Surface area of the samples as calculated by BET analyzer and it was found to be 9.18 and 16.4 m/g for SiO2 and AC-Bi@SiO2 respectively. BET analysis confirmed a significant increase in surface area of the synthesized AC-Bi@SiO2. UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra of ACBi@SiO2 show that decrease in the band gap energy. The production of hydroxyl radicals on the surface of the UV-irradiated catalysts was detected by a PL technique using coumarin as a probe molecule. Comparing with the catalyst was synthesized via undoped-SiO2, modified-SiO2 exhibits higher photocatalytic activity under ultra-violet (365 nm) irradiation. The possible reasons for enhance photocatalytic performance by Bi encapsulation and dye adsorption on AC surfaces were proposed. It has been considered that the large specific surface area, increase of OH radicals, decreasing band gap energy and electron–hole pair recombination have strong influence on the improvement of photocatalytic activity.

Synthesis of AC-Bi@SiO2 Nanocomposite Sphere for Superior Photocatalytic Activity Towards the Photodegradation of Malachite Green