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Secondary hemophagocytic hymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is an underrecognized cause of multisystem organ failure (MSOF) in critically ill adults, associated with high mortality even when recommended etoposide-based treatments are administered. Anakinra, an interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, has shown promise in treating children with HLH. This retrospective case series describes seven adult patients who presented to our ICU with a unremitting syndrome consistent with sepsis / MSOF, who were subsequently diagnosed with secondary HLH and received anakinra. Five of seven (71%) survived. Two non-survivors died secondary to opportunistic fungal infections. Our study contributes to mounting observational evidence regarding anakinra’s possible efficacy in critically ill adults with HLH, and also raises awareness of possible infectious complications of its use.

southwest journal of pulmonary and critical care

An observational study demonstrating the efficacy of interleukin-1 antagonist (anakinra) in critically-ill patients with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis