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examined the feasibility of naviga­ tion for interlocking procedures of intramedullary nails in fractures of the lower extremity. However, the majo­ rity of works included patients with injuries of the pelvic ring; computer­ assisted systems were mainly used to insert cannulated screws, stabilising acetabular fractures or the sacro–iliac joint. Only one publication included computerised treatment methods of the upper extremity. Conclusion Computer­assisted techniques in orthopaedic trauma surgery are a real­ ity and are being applied in clinical set­ tings. At the moment, these techniques are most frequently used in surgical procedures at the pelvis. At the lower extremity, the best examined modal­ ity is the placement of locking screws for intramedullary nailing. Navigated treatment of fractures including reduction and fixation is definitely not being performed in larger, clinical series and remain single­centre expe­ riences. Neither reference­based nor trajectory­based techniques are being used at the upper extremity frequently so far. Most limiting for the employ­ ment of classical navigation techniques is its dependence on fixed reference arrays. This problem has to be over­ come, before navigation can be used in trauma surgery on a larger scale. However, so far, published results are promising and further developments in this exciting field may contribute to decrease surgical risks and improve finally clinical outcome parameters.

Clinical application of computer guidance and navigation in orthopaedic trauma surgery at the extremities and the pelvis: A systematic review