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Introduction The aim of this study was to focus on callus and multiple shoot induction in six endangered medicinal plants and subsequent media optimization for their potential commercial applications. Materials and methods Here we used Cycas revoluta, Rauwolfia serpentina, Coleus barbatus, Tylophora indica, Ornithogalum spp. and Acorus calamus. Varying concentrations of different plant growth hormones have been used for callus and shoot induction on Murashige and Skoog and B5 growth media. The auxins tested were IAA, NAA and 2,4-D. The cytokinins tested were benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin. The explants chosen for tissue culture were based on their suitability and availability. For C. revoluta, both Murashige and Skoog and B5 have been used. Results Explants of all the species showed the formation of multiple shoots. In Ornithogalum, multiple in vitro bulbs were formed. In case of C. revoluta (leaf explant), swelling was observed Conclusion Our observations are broadly consistent with previous tissue culture works on these plant species. This ensures possibility for further exploitation of these plants for probable micropropagation and plant regeneration on a commercial scale. Introduction It is now well known and evident that the orthodox medicinal plantbased systems of medicines were capable of providing proficient health-care benefits to a bulk of the world population; these medicines may be significantly devoid of any deleterious side effects1. Due to low cost, accessibility and availability, a vast majority of the population in developing countries (nearly 80%) trust ‘ancient’ medicinal systems for their primary health-care needs2. The global herbal medicine market is constantly expanding2,3. As reported by the Development Center for Biotechnology (Taiwan), the global market for herbal medicine is expected to exceed US $26 billion by 2011 compared to US $19 billion in 2006. Due to rapid urbanization and consequent changes in lifestyle, a few health disorders (such as cancer, diabetes and hypertension) are already a cause for concern. With the trend veering around to herbal health products, phytochemicals that have curative properties for lifestyle-related diseases are likely to face a heavy demand. As a consequence of this excessive demand, for most of these medicinal plant species, sustaining their population is becoming difficult. Many have officially been declared as endangered. To conserve these endangered medicinal plants, we need to effectively produce and maintain their supply chain. With this motivation, we considered six different endangered medicinal plants for our study (with local or common name): Rauwolfia serpentina (Sarpagandha), Coleus barbatus, Tylophora indica (Indian ipecac), Acorus calamus (Sweet flag), Ornithogalum (Star of Bethlehem) and Cycas revoluta (Sago palm). The broader perspective is to analyse their potential for commercial applications. There are manifold reasons and some unique properties behind choosing these plant species. Apart from its medicinal properties, we chose C. revoluta because of its archaeological aspects, slow growing nature and rareness. Cycads are generally referred to as the ‘living fossils’ with peak evolution during the Mesozoic era4. In addition, its growth rate is extremely slow. The fastest rate observed for commercial production (<30% shade) is three new sets of leaves and an increase of 3 cm in height and trunk diameter per year5. These plants are rare in occurrence and are becoming endangered because they are continually harvested for their leaves (for aesthetic or decorative purposes). In addition, the leaves and pith of cycads have certain components (phytochemicals) that are used for menstrual disorders, and the leaves of C. revoluta have been used in the treatment of cancer6. We chose other medicinal plants mainly because of their medicinal properties and high demand. R. serpentina can be used as a remedy for high blood pressure and schizophrenia7. C. barbatus * Corresponding author Email: sharadwata@gmail.com 1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, Maharashtra, India 2 Novartis Healthcare Pvt. Ltd., Madhapur (Hi-Tech City), Hyderabad 500081, Andhra Pradesh, India 3 Accenture Services Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore 560052, Karnataka, India 4 Pall Life Sciences, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad 500034, Andhra Pradesh, India 5 Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India M ed ic al B io te ch no lo gy at 5 mg/L of 2,4-D in Murashige and Skoog media.

Effects of growth regulators on in vitro response and multiple shoot induction in some endangered medicinal plants