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The uptake of elements from paddy soils into shoot, husk, and unpolished grain of rice plants was investigated in Mekong, Huong, and Red River areas in Vietnam. The transferability of most studied soil elements into plant parts decreases in the order: shoot > husk > grain. Exceptions are Mg, S, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Mo, whose transfer drops in the order: shoot > grain > husk, the transfer of P falls in the order grain > shoot > husk. The translocation of the most health relevant elements into the different plant parts is affected by soil parameters like pH, organic matter, Feand Mn-phases, and clay minerals. Health risk assessment approaches for the average daily rice consumption are performed for noncancer risk (Hazard Index HI) including the elements As, Cd, Pb, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Ni as well as for cancer risk for the elements As and Pb (Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk ∑ILCR). All rice studied grain samples exceed the safe HI-index of below 1. 81% of the grain samples were within the level of concern ranging between 1.4 < HI < 5, 18% varied between 5 < HI < 8.4, although their corresponding soils showed only a little pollution. Cd, As, Mn, and Pb were the most important elements causing non-cancer risks for rice-consuming people. The cancer-risk values ∑ILCR were mean 2.2 x 10-3 and are considerably higher than the safe threshold of 10-4 to 10-6. Arsenic is the dominant factor for cancer risk. Rice-eating people living in Red River and Huong River areas face mainly health risks of exposure to As and Cd in the Mekong River area in addition to Pb.

journal of vietnamese environment

Transfer of elements from paddy soils into different parts of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) and the resulting health risks for the Vietnamese population