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Automated vehicle (AV) shuttles are emerging mobility technologies that havebeen widely piloted and deployed. Public attitude is critical to the deploymentprogress and the overall social benefits of automated vehicle (AV)technologies. The AV shuttle demonstration was regarded as a good way forpossible attitude improvements. However, not all existing AV shuttletechnologies are mature and reliable enough. Some frustrating uncomfort issuesin AV shuttle demonstrations may adversely affect public attitudes of AVtechnologies. Studying the impact of the comfort of the demonstration onattitudinal change can help us provide guidance for future demonstrations.Thanks to the AV shuttle project piloted at Dunedin, Florida, this paperinterviewed 161 people before and after taking an open road AV shuttle ride. Inaddition to the participant's demographic information, driving-relatedinformation and psychological-related information, we collected the AVshuttles' operation status (e.g., abrupt brake). A series of discrete outcomemodels were employed to estimate the factors influencing people's initialopinions before the AV shuttle ride and people's attitudes change after theride. The most important finding is that an unsatisfactory riding experiencecould negatively affect participants' attitudes toward AV shuttles.Particularly, the number of abrupt brakes raises more concerns when theparticipants are drivers who share the rights of way with the AV shuttlecompared to when the participants are pedestrians or AV shuttle riders.Moreover, the participants' attitudes toward sharing public space with AVshuttles as pedestrians and human drivers exhibited more negative changescompared with simply riding on AV shuttles. These results improve ourunderstanding of public attitudes toward the existing AV technologies and helpidentify new opportunities to improve AV technology adoption.

Impacts of Riding Comfort on the Attitudes of Riders, Drivers, and Pedestrians Toward Autonomous Shuttles